The experiment showed that dogs are more likely to help people in order to receive a treat, rather than out of altruistic motives. The presence of the owner or a stranger had little effect on their behavior.
An analysis of 280 studies has shown that natural selection operates not only at the level of individuals but also at the level of groups, supporting altruism and cooperation. Evolution is a balance between individual and collective interests.
A new study challenges the notion of equality and altruism in hunter-gatherer societies, revealing that beneath the appearance of fairness lie personal interests, social pressure, and competition.